[timeline]
timeline
| YEAR | SCOTTISH MONARCH |
ENGLISH MONARCH |
HISTORICAL EVENTS | BORDERS |
| 55 BC | Julius Caesar invades Britain. | |||
| AD 43 | Claudius invades Britain. | |||
| 410 | Romans abandon Britain. | |||
| 840 | Kenneth I MacAlpin | |||
| 858 | Donald I | |||
| 862 | Constantine I | |||
| 877 | Aed | |||
| 878 | Eochaid and Giric | |||
| 889 | Donald II | |||
| 900 | Constantine II | |||
| 927 | Athelstan of Wessex | |||
| 939 | Edmund I | |||
| 943 | Malcolm I | |||
| 946 | Eadred | |||
| 954 | Indulf | |||
| 955 | Eadwig | |||
| 959 | Edgar I | |||
| 962 | Dub | |||
| 971 | Kenneth II | |||
| 975 | Edward 'The Martyr' | |||
| 978 | Ethelred 'The Unready' | |||
| 995 | Constantine III | |||
| 997 | Kenneth III | |||
| 1005 | Malcolm II | |||
| 1013 | Swein Forkbeard | Danes conquer England. | ||
| 1014 | Ethelred 'The Unready' | |||
| 1016 | Edmund II | |||
| Ironsides (Apr) | ||||
| Cnut (Nov) | ||||
| 1018 | Battle of Carham: Scots claim all land north of Tweed. | |||
| 1034 | Duncan I | |||
| 1037 | Harold I 'Harefoot' | |||
| 1040 | Macbeth | Harthacnut | ||
| 1042 | Edward 'The Confessor' | |||
| 1057 | Lulach | |||
| 1058 | Malcolm III Canmore | |||
| 1066 | Harold II | Norman Conquest. | ||
| 'Godwinson' (Jan) | ||||
| William I of Normandy (Dec) | ||||
| 1087 | William II 'Rufus' | |||
| 1092 | William I Rufus incorporates Cumberland (formerly part of Strathclyde) into England. | |||
| 1093 | Donalbane | |||
| 1094 | Duncan II | |||
| 1097 | Edgar | |||
| 1100 | Henry I | |||
| 1107 | Alexander I | |||
| 1124 | David I | |||
| 1135 | Stephen of Blois | |||
| 1153 | Malcolm IV | |||
| 1154 | Henry II | |||
| 1165 | William | |||
| 1189 | Richard I | |||
| 1199 | John | |||
| 1214 | Alexander II | |||
| 1216 | Henry III | |||
| 1242 | Hermitage Castle -- 'The Strength of Liddesdale' first mentioned as fortress of Border warlords. | |||
| 1249 | Alexander III | Leges marchiarum -- 'Laws of the Marches' -- established. Borders divided into marches, each with warden. | ||
| 1272 | Edward I | |||
| 1286 | Margaret Maid of Norway | Edward I launches series of brutal incursions into Scotland, plunging both countries into 300 years of warfare. | ||
| 1290 | FIRST INTERREGNUM | |||
| 1292 | John Balliol | |||
| 1296 | SECOND INTERREGNUM (Edward I of England) | |||
| 1306 | Robert I Bruce | |||
| 1307 | Edward I | |||
| 1314 | Robert Bruce defeats English at battle of Bannockburn; his army savages English Marches. | |||
| 1327 | Edward III | |||
| 1329 | David II | |||
| 1332 | Edward Balliol | |||
| 1340-1453 | Hundred Years' War. | |||
| 1348-9 | Black Death. | |||
| 1356 | Edward III of England | |||
| 1371 | Robert II Stewart | |||
| 1377 | Richard II | |||
| 1390 | Robert III | |||
| 1399 | Henry IV | |||
| 1406 | James I | |||
| 1413 | Henry V | |||
| 1422 | Henry VI | |||
| 1437 | James II | |||
| 1450 | 'Debateable Land' first named in a truce document. | |||
| 1455-85 | Wars of the Roses. | |||
| 1460 | James III | |||
| 1461 | Edward IV | |||
| 1482 | Berwick-upon-Tweed becomes part of England after capture by Richard III. | |||
| 1483 | Edward V (April) | |||
| Richard III (June) | ||||
| 1485 | Henry VII | |||
| 1488 | James IV | |||
| 1509 | Henry VIII | |||
| 1513 | James V | James IV invades England to support France, under attack by Henry VIII. The 'Ill Raid': English raid Scotland; in retaliation, Scots take much booty, which slows them and results in many being killed in ambush. English defeat Scots at battle of Flodden; James IV and much of Scottish nobility killed. | ||
| 1525 | Dunbar, Archbishop of Glasgow, curses all reivers. | |||
| 1528 | James V decides to tackle Reivers. William, Lord Dacre, warden of English West March, moves against the Debateable Land, trying to apprehend Johnie Armstrang of Gilnockie and Sim the Laird. | |||
| 1530 |
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James V, with force of about 10,000, moves against reivers, particularly Johnie Armstrang. |
| 1536-9 | Dissolution of the monasteries. | |||
| 1542 | Mary Queen of Scots | Duke of Norfolk raids Scotland and burns Kelso; retreats to Berwick. James V retaliates and marches on Carlisle. Is defeated with heavy losses at battle of Solway Moss. | ||
| 1544 | 'Rough Wooing' begins: Leith destroyed, Edinburgh attacked and some 190 towns torched. | |||
| 1545 | English forces defeated at Ancrum Moor. | |||
| 1547 | Edward VI | Duke of Somerset invades Scotland in the east. Scots defeated at battle of Pinkie. | ||
| 1550 | English propose to take control of Debateable Land; Scots want it divided. | |||
| 1551 | Scottish warden Lord Maxwell lays waste to Debateable Land to discourage resistance. | |||
| 1552 | Debateable Land divided, marked by 'Scots' Dike'. | |||
| 1553 | Jane (July) | |||
| Mary I (July) | ||||
| 1558 | Elizabeth I | |||
| 1561 | Mary Queen of Scots arrives from France; begins subduing of Scottish Borders. | |||
| 1563 | Henry, Lord Scrope of Bolton, appointed English warden of West March. | |||
| 1567 | James VI | Lord Darnley, Mary's husband, murdered by Earl of Bothwell, who Mary weds. Mary imprisoned. Moray becomes Regent. | ||
| 1568 | Elizabeth appoints Lord Hunsdon warden of East March and captain of Berwick; he sets about the Reivers. Mary escapes and raises army but is defeated by Moray at battle of Langside. Mary escapes to England. | |||
| 1569 | Moray leads military raids into Scottish West March. Scots border rebellion led by earls of Westmorland and Northumberland and Lord Dacre on behalf of Mary. Lacks support and earls escape to Scotland. | |||
| 1570 |
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Assassination of regent Moray gives Scottish Border lords freedom to pursue own ends; raids into England provoke war. Earl of Lennox appointed to bring Border under control and capture English rebels hiding in Scotland. Attacks Border on two fronts, with much burning and destruction. End of support for Mary by southern Scots and English rebels. | |
| 1575 | Fighting breaks out between English and Scots during 'truce day' at Reidswire. | |||
| 1587 | Mary Queen of Scots executed. | |||
| 1588 | Spanish Armada. | |||
| 1593 | Dryfe Sands: last battle in Borders: Johnstone family slaughter 700 Maxwells. | |||
| 1596 | Kinmont Willie affair. | |||
| 1603 | James I | 'Ill Week': following news of Elizabeth's death, reivers rise up with much looting and burning. Last time they are able to 'shake loose the Border' in search of plunder. | ||
| 1605 | Gunpowder Plot. | |||
| 1625 | Charles I (executed 1649) | |||
| 1641-6 | English Civil War. | |||
| 1649 | England proclaimed a Commonwealth. | |||
| LORD PROTECTORS | ||||
| 1653 | Oliver Cromwell | |||
| 1658 | Richard Cromwell | |||
| MONARCHS | ||||
| 1660 | Charles II | Restoration. | ||
| 1665-6 | Great Plague. | |||
| 1685 | James II | Monmouth's Rebellion. | ||
| 1689 | William III & Mary II | |||
| 1702 | Anne | |||
| 1714 | George I | |||
| 1727 | George II | |||
| 1745-7 | Jacobite Rebellion. | |||
| 1756-63 | Seven Years' War. | |||
| 1760 | George III | |||
| 1776-82 | American Revolution. | |||
| 1801 | General Enclosure Act. | |||
| 1803-15 | Napoleonic Wars. | |||
| Slave trade abolished. | ||||
| 1820 | George IV | |||
| 1830 | William IV | |||
| 1837 | Victoria | |||
| 1854-6 | Crimean War. | |||
| 1861-5 | American Civil War. | |||
| 1867 | 2nd Reform Act enfranchises virtually all men in towns & extends franchise in country but excludes poorer agricultural labourers. | |||
| 1884 | 3rd Reform Act: uniform male suffrage in town & country; some 2 million farm workers get vote. | |||
| 1899-1902 | Boer War | |||
| 1901 | Edward VII | |||
| 1910 | George V | |||
| 1914-18 | World War I. | |||
| 1918 | Women win right to vote (at 30). School-leaving age raised to 14. |
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| 1936 | Edward VIII (January) | |||
| George VI (December) | ||||
| 1939-45 | World War II. | |||
| 1950-1 | Korean War. | |||
| 1952 | Elizabeth II | |||
| 1982 | Falkland War. |
